Why Development Aid For Africa Has Failed - 876 Words

The final article is an article translated into English from the German news magazine Der Spiegel and is a piece published on 16th August 2010, entitled â€Å"Why Development Aid For Africa Has Failed. It is written by Kurt Gerhardt who was a journalist on German radio from 1968 until 2008. He was a Country Director for the German Development Service in Niger so has first hand experience of the problems facing impoverished African countries. Additionally Gerhardt was the founder and is the current chairman of Makaranta; an association aimed at providing education to Africa which has so far helped develop primary education initiatives in Niger and Uganda since its formation in 2001. Der Spiegel is a weekly news magazine similar to English-written publication TIME, with a circulation of around 1 million copies weekly; and is known for its critical stance towards the German government. Whilst being independent of any political party or business group it has a left-wing stance and so a n article scrutinising aid to Africa is perhaps a slightly atypical viewpoint for the magazine to publish. The article begins by claiming that whilst the donors receive good wages with the current aid system, and the recipients are wise in how to continue to receive sympathy and attention, some of those on the inside, and even those with little knowledge, are beginning to sense that aid has only produced paltry results in the last half-century. Gerhardt claims that the West has assumed too muchShow MoreRelatedThe Epidemic Of Botswana, South Africa Essay1282 Words   |  6 Pagesfacing an epidemic that has gone completely ignored by their very own government. Instead of proposing policies directed towards reducing the amount of HIV/AIDS cases that continue to rise each year, they have chosen to implement failed policies or none at all. Countries that have attempted to enact government policy to try to decrease the spread of the epidemic has ultimately failed in a broad sense. The epidemic is known as the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and the virus Human ImmuneRead MoreShould The Hiv / Aids Epidemic?918 Words   |  4 PagesShould the HIV/AIDs epidemic in Africa be described as a feminist issue? With higher transmission rates concentrated among African women, and the vast majority of new mother-child transmissions occurring within African countries, HIV seemingly fits into the scope of feminist concerns. As described in Oppong and Kalipeni’s contribution to Kalipeni, et.al.’s HIV AIDS in African: Beyond Epidemiology, the consistent classifying of the HIV/AIDS epidemic as being the direct result of distinct AfricanRead MoreWas Development Assistance a Mistake1509 Words   |  7 Pages â€Å"Was Development Assistance a Mistake | | A Critical Review of Easterly, W 2007, Was Development Assistance a Mistake?, American Economics Review, 97(2), pp 328-332. Foreign aid focuses on promoting economic and human development ( Williamson, R 2009).Many experts attempt to possess the knowledge and skill to help poor nations. The key theme of â€Å"Was Development Assistance a mistake?† is Easterly’s argument, how development assistance fails to achieve economic development in poor nationsRead MoreDemocracy Is Defined As A System Of Governance897 Words   |  4 Pages2006) . Promoting democracy has formed an essential part of the foreign policy objectives of many western nations. The United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA), The European Commission and the UK’s Department for International Development (DFID) are some of the largest western governmental organisations which focuses on promoting and funding democratic projects around the world. In Africa these organisations have beenRead MoreAid to Africa: A Review of the Efficacy of International Aid to Sub-Saharan Africa1695 Words   |  7 Pagesinto Sub-Saharan Africa over the past century in an effort to propel development, Africa remains by far the poorest continent in the world. Failure has arisen from the problematic nature of the administration of the aid. Traditionally, aid has come in the form of military aid, and large international financial transactions. Although these forms of aid have overall failing track records, targeted developmental assistance has been historically successful. In order to pull Africa out of poverty, theRead More Africas Health Care Crisis Essay1529 Words   |  7 Pages The residents of Africa are suffering from preventable, treatable, and fatal diseases everyday at a higher rate compared to developed countries. The healthcare crisis in Africa is the primary cause of all these deaths, and includes inefficient healthcare systems. Consequently, Africans inefficient healthcare systems results in poor delivery of care and a shortage of health professionals. The healthcare crisis in Africa is a current issue impacting the lives of many Africans who dont have theRead MoreForeign Countries Should Not Help Out A Less Developed Country?1348 Words   |  6 Pagesshould not give money to developing nations because the developing countries become too reliant on the developed countries, it does not help the developing countries, and with money, comes corruption. The bet ter way for foreign aid to work which is to give technological aid. A quote from Maimonides, â€Å"Give a man a fish and you feed him for a day; teach a man to fish and you feed him for a lifetime.† This quote tells a tale of how society works and the importance of learning. This can be applied toRead MoreGenocides And Genocides Of Genocides987 Words   |  4 Pagesthroughout many countries. Africa has had many genocides and wars occurring over the past century. The most known genocides are ones that occurred in Rwanda and Darfur. Researchers have found that most genocides show the same patterns and key elements. As different genocides of Africa have occurred, the causes of genocides, along with the role modern countries play in Africa’s genocides have been discovered. Although there have been a number of genocides in Africa, the 1994 Rwandan genocide wasRead MoreInternational Monetary Fund And The World Bank1679 Words   |  7 PagesWORLD BANK AND IMF - HIPC International Monetary Fund and The World Bank, though has a good purpose of their existence, they have come under lots of criticisms as to how they use the leverage of being in a position of helping poor countries to either recover from economic collapse or give them debt relief and economic boost from loans they give out to them to impose policies and condition that those poor countries has to implement. These loan conditions and policies structured by these internationalRead MoreA Brief Note On Dead Aid And Its Effects On African Economy2478 Words   |  10 PagesThe purpose of Dambisa Moyo’s â€Å"Dead Aid† is to demonstrate that aid, particularly Western aid, is the root cause of Africa’s failing economy and development. Advocating against aid, she posits that it has led to a culture of aid-dependency for Africans, much like an â€Å"addiction† (37). â€Å"The more it infiltrates, the more it erodes, the greater the culture of aid-dependency†, she proclaims (37). For the majority of developing regions worldwide, Moyo believes aid has been a complete disaster (xix). Although

Encryption Vs. Encryption Annotated Bibliography

Encryption is a cryptography in which one covers data or information by transforming it into an undecipherable code. Encryption generally uses a predefined parameter or key to perform the data change. Some encryption computations oblige the best approach to be the same length as the message to be encoded yet other encryption counts can take a shot at much more diminutive keys concerning the message. Separating is as often as possible described close by encryption as it’s backwards. Unscrambling of encoded data realizes the first data. Encryption is used as a piece of customary forefront life. Encryption is most used among trades over flimsy channels of correspondence for instance the web. Encryption is also used to secure data being traded between contraptions, for instance, modified teller machines (ATMs), cells, and various more. Encryption can be used to make automated imprints, which allow a message to be affirmed. Exactly when honest to goodness executed, an automated imp rint gives the recipient of a message inspiration to acknowledge the message was sent by the affirmed sender. Modernized imprints are outstandingly significant when sending tricky email and distinctive sorts of cutting edge correspondence. This is by and large equivalent to standard composed by hand marks, in that, an all the more astounding imprint passes on a more multifaceted methodology for manufacture. Figure a figure is an estimation, strategy, or method for performing encryption and translating.

Perceptions of Bartolome de Las Casas Free Essays

string(56) " discuss the principles and ideals that he believed in\." Perce The Contributions and Perceptions of Bartolome de Las Casas After reading Carlos Fuentes’ book, â€Å"The Buried Mirror: Reflections on Spain and the New World†, he devoted a section to Bartolome de Las Casas which allowed the reader to capture his unique perspective (32-38). In the introductory text before the reading of â€Å"The Brief History of the Destruction of the Indies† (as read in class), Bartolome de Las Casas is viewed as a devoted Saint and missionary that was an activist for the Indian’s human rights and against Spain’s military conquest of the â€Å"New World† (Briffault).However, Fuentes illustrated Bartolome in a different perspective; even though Bartolome tried to stop the obvious brutal treatment of the Indians by the Spaniards, he ultimately became the Spaniard’s â€Å"most useful tool† in an evolved attack to the Indian’s humanitarian values in a newly â€Å"disguised† method of slavery. We will write a custom essay sample on Perceptions of Bartolome de Las Casas or any similar topic only for you Order Now This was a very unique perspective because of the fact that after discussing and reading about him, Bartolome is largely perceived as a good Saint that brought about great awareness of the injustice of the Indians. So how could he contribute to the Crown’s corrupt rule over the land?As a result, in order to understand the true ultimate historical value of Bartolome de Las Casas, we will take an in-depth look into his life, what he believed, what he did for the Indians, and discuss the general opinion of Bartolome de Las Casas versus Fuentes impression of him. I will then prove that Bartolome de Las Casas did not impact the Indian community as beneficially as many people thought he did – and in fact, he indirectly and unintentionally contributed to the very image of the original corruption of both the private and public life in Spanish America. Bartolome de Las Casas was born in 1474 in Seville, Spain to Pedro de Las Casas who was a small business merchant. He immediately sent his son to The Academy at the Cathedral of Seville in 1497 for his education. As a missionary, in 1502 he leaves Spain with the Spanish governor, Nicolas de Ovanda, and his father to the â€Å"New World† to evangelize to the Indians. While he was there on the island of Hispaniola, he helped resolve a native revolt that rewarded him an encomienda (land and labor of the native population) where he always treated his workers humanely.In 1506, he then returns briefly to Europe to become ordained as a deacon in Rome. Eventually, in 1512, he becomes the first ordained priest in the New World. He began to be disturbed by Spanish abuses at the massacre of natives at Caonao, Cuba when he saw a stream of Indian blood running â€Å"as if cows had been killed. † Then, in 1514 while preparing his sermon for church, he read a scriptural passage that stated â€Å"Tainted are his gifts who offers in sacrifice ill-gotten goods! † which convicted Las Casas as an encomendero. He realized that his own property and goods were â€Å"ill-gotten and tainted†.With this conviction, he freed the Indians that he had in his encomienda and returned to Spain to begin a fight against the Spanish oppression of the native peoples. In 1516, Las Casas was appointed the â€Å"Protector of the Indians† by the archbishop of Toledo, Cardinal Jimenez de Cisneros, and began to devise a scheme to replace the encomienda system. This resulted in some success. He continued to travel back and forth across the Atlantic in his process to repeal the laws of the mistreatment and the rights of the oppressed Indians.He was able to get government officials to collaborate with this attempt to end the encomienda system because they feared that a new class of feudal lords would arise in the colonies. The Spanish colonists were outraged at his interference as Las Casas then set up a colony on the coast of Venezuela in 1520, where the native people would be treated humanely and in peace. However, this setting failed because their neighbor Spanish slave masters continued to harass the natives and the natives retaliated by killing their monks and torching their monasteries.This made a bad example of Las Casas’ ideal semblance that Spanish and free Indians could live at peace together. At this failure, Las Casas traveled to a Dominican monastery in Hispaniola in 1523 and became a monk for eleven years, studying theology and law, where he wrote his â€Å"Historia de las Indias†. This work illustrated his perception and account of the history of the Natives. Afterwards, beginning in 1534, he started to push forward legislative reforms that led to laws that prohibited further Indian slavery in 1542.However, these new laws were deemed unenforceable due to the Crown’s lack of control in the New World and the laws were repealed. Thus, the encomienda system was restored – in a more detrimental blow as they evolved into a new form, called the â€Å"hacienda system†. He later returned to Spain and brought about the â€Å"Great Debate of 1550†. At the Spanish capital of Valladolid, he went against the advocate for the colonists, Juan Gines de Sepulveda. It was about the justification of the war against the peoples of the New World.This debate was published as â€Å"En defensa de Los Indios†. It is unclear who won the debate, although there is some evidence that Las Casas persuaded most of the panel’s theologians, jurists, and Sepulveda. One thing for sure is that this was the first thorough modern debate on human rights in the history of the world. In the final years of his life, Las Casas continued to fight for the Indian’s rights and their justice in the Spanish courts until he died in Madrid, Spain in 1566 (Welch: 209-211, Uzgalis).Therefore, in history, Bartolome de Las Casas was a man largely viewed as a righteous priest and activist that spent his life aggressively pursuing and fighting for the rights and justice of brutally mistreated Native Americans. To further understand the man and what he stood for during his time of activism, we will discuss the principles and ideals that he believed in. You read "Perceptions of Bartolome de Las Casas" in category "Papers" He was a man that was first and foremost a Christian involved in missionary work to spread Christianity all over the world.He came to the ultimate stance that the only way of attracting all people to the â€Å"true faith† is through peaceful persuasion rather than armed conquest which he described in his writing â€Å"De Unico Vocationis Modo† (Welch: 210). He was against military conquest of the New World and believed that it was possible to convert the Indians to Christianity and that Spaniards could live with them in peace. He believed that the Indians had the â€Å"capacity† and the ability to receive the faith, and did not have to be forced. Also, he held a firm standpoint against any and all slavery systems such as the encomienda, repartimiento, and hacienda systems. He viewed these institutions as â€Å"more unjust and cruel than Pharaoh’s oppression of the Jews and deprived both masters and subjects of their freedom and their lives† (Fuentes: 131). These systems basically were designed to exploit Indian labor into quick riches and a right to land in the New World. It was considered by the conqueror to be his â€Å"just reward† from the Crown for his services at arms at his own expense during the original conquest.These systems as the â€Å"encomienda† were a formal grant of designated Indian families, usually living in the town(s) put in the hands of a Spanish colonist, thus receiving the title of â€Å"encomendero†. In turn, the encomendero was required to convert the Indians on his â€Å"property† to Christianity and hold a tight reign on his land in arms and order. An encom endero was not only allowed the right to own land, but to do whatever he saw â€Å"fit† for the land, such as deploying Indians in mines and agricultural tasks. This gave him political power in whatever established government there existed in the New World.The ironic aspect of this whole corruption, is that the Spanish Crown had little to do with it nor did they have much control due to the vast amount of land and large population of Indians and left it to the conquistadors to figure it out for themselves. This was the Crown’s best temporary solution to the settlers’ demands at the time. Subsequently, the Indians that lived in the lands of these systems had to be forced to work, more so as slavery, to provide food and gold for the Spaniards. They were overworked, mistreated, and dying in large numbers from diseases, rebellion, or suicide.The only difference between this slavery system and blunt Indian slavery was the manner in which they had been acquired, although they were being used in the same manner. Therefore, this brutality and mistreatment in this slavery system is what caused much-needed activism for the Indianâ€℠¢s human rights by Bartolome de Las Casas (Kramer: 1-2). Furthermore, Bartolome had much compassion on the Indians and did not view them as unworthy beings nor savages, but rather, they were very capable human beings that could possibly function in peace with Spanish society.He describes this beautiful ideal in his â€Å"Historia de Las Indias† (Beckjord: 87-88). He believed that there was a need to publicize and make awareness of the Indian’s abuse and exploitations during the conquest as portrayed in one of his most famous works, â€Å"The Very Brief Account of the Destruction of the Indies† (Welch: 210). Thus, this attention was all part of his pursuit of justice and human rights for the Indians in his lifetime. Therefore, we have a better understanding of what he believes, and can see why he was so motivated to move swiftly and effectively for the Indians.Moreover, to understand the significance of such a pivotal character in history for Indian rights, we will discuss what he directly did for the Native Americans in his lifetime. First of all, he was quite the novelist in his day as he depicted his perception of the Indians as a beautiful and capable race in â€Å"Historia de Las Indias† in 1523. He also wrote †De Unico Vocationis Modo† in 1537 where he further proved his belief that the Indians can be converted to Christianity in a peaceful method rather than by brutal force.In addition, he wrote â€Å"The Very Brief Account of the Destruction of the Indies† more formally, â€Å"Brevisima Relacion De La Destruccion de Las Indias† in 1540, which he narrated the mistreatment, abuse, and exploitation of the Indians under corrupt Spanish rule and the encomienda system. Last, in 1550, he took part of the first published modern debate on human rights – of the Indians, â€Å"En Defensa De Los Indios†, in which it brought forth the debate of the century. Most importantly, he briefly legally abolished encomienda systems in 1542 though it was largely ineffective to be enforced in the New World.Therefore, in his contributions, though primarily from the pulpit and the Spanish Courts, he desperately fought in compassion for the Indians for their h uman rights, justice, awareness, and restoration. After taking a look at his life, beliefs, and beneficence, Bartolome de Las Casas is a Saint that fought long and hard for the Indians (religiously and politically) and largely in part, viewed as a character that contributed to the good of the Indians from many texts, including the introductory text for the excerpt from â€Å"The Brief History of the Destruction of the Indies† (as read in class).However, Fuentes points out that Las Casas was used as the â€Å"Crown’s most useful tool† in an evolved attack to the Indian’s humanitarian values in other â€Å"disguised† methods of slavery (Fuentes: 134,136). This was a very unique perspective because of the fact that after discussing and reading about him, he was a good man doing great things for the Indians. So how could he contribute to the Crown’s corrupt rule over the land?Due to Bartolome’s great activism for Indian’s rights and against the encomienda system, the Spanish Crown was losing control of this advantageous corrupt system of slavery in the encomienda system. As a result, in silent fashion, the Crown sneakily developed a cleverly disguised alternative slavery system called a â€Å"hacienda†. This system was derived from the encomienda system, however, instead of focusing on labor, it’s real attention was toward the land because land was needed to increase the Spanish and mixed populations as the Indians decreased in number.This was assured through land grants given by the Spanish Crown to be purchased in multiple small amounts by the colonial rulers and then resold many times to their inha bitants until it developed into a huge, over-priced estate – for the colonial ruler to own it all. Since this land was â€Å"granted†, in other words, â€Å"loaned† to many people, Spaniards and Indians alike, gained huge debts and ties to their piece of the â€Å"colonial ruler’s† land as they tried to pay back their dues in crops and money. Where as before, in the encomienda system, it was through brutal labor and gold. However, this system was just as merciless because it was the basis for political corruption on which the economic system became firmly established in the New World. Having large estates of land became a form of substantial political power because colonial rulers were always rich since they always had their inhabitants owing them money. This system corrupted everyone, from the church to highly positioned politicians, because as many people could not pay off their over-priced land in their lifetime, their descendents were born into debt as well, thus creating a history of in-debted people to the land.And with the combination of the corruption and the decline of Spain’s economy (due to the Crown’s distance and inability to directly benefit from the colonies), the Crown stopped paying salaries to the colonial rulers. So they in response, found other means of income through very â€Å"shady proceedings† and scams that turned the local officials of the Crown into prov incial â€Å"caciques†, or political bosses. They created economic monopolies in their districts by combining their corruption with that of the local merchants on the land.The officials continued to receive their salaries by forcing cash advances onto the Indians. Since they couldn’t pay it back (they were already in debt), the Indians in return had to give up their crops at fixed prices. When the Indians failed to pay, their debt dramatically increased which has led to and developed the very image of the original corruption of both the private and public life in Latin America (Fuentes: 131-136).Therefore, even though Bartolome de Las Casas was a passionate activist for the Indians, he indirectly and unintentionally contributed to the corrupt image of Latin America. Because of his efforts to destroy the encomienda system, which was one of the Spanish Crown’s last and scarce form of control, they became desperate for their foreign rule. With no choice but to think innovatively – the hacienda system came to fruition. And as a result, this created a resurging history of an in-debted society to a corrupt system in Latin America.In conclusion, as we have taken an exclusive look at Bartolome de Las Casas’ life and contri butions to the Indians, we know that he was a good man that cared for and brought much awareness of the Indians mistreatment and exploitation in Latin American history. Though we cannot say that the Indians would be treated any better without his efforts in history, Fuentes makes a strong conclusion that Bartolome de Las Casas was used by the Crown to indirectly and unintentionally contribute to the corruption of Latin America due to the development of the hacienda system.Therefore, even though we cherish the hard sought-out fight that de Las Casas took part for the justice of the Indian people, the Spanish Crown ultimately won the battle of politics and corruption in Latin America despite Bartolome de Las Casas efforts. And this is one of the harsh realities that Fuentes portrays as one the â€Å"Buried Mirrors† of Latin America. Works Cited Beckjord, Sarah H. Territories of History: Humanism, Rhetoric, and the Historical Imagination in the Early Chronicles of Spanish America.University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2007. Briffault, Herma. Devastation of the Indies: A Brief Account. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992. Fuentes, Carlos. The Buried Mirror: Reflections on Spain and the New World. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1992. Kiefer, James E. â€Å"Biographical Sketches of the Memorable Christians of the Past: Bartolome de Las Casas, Missionary, Priest, Defender of the Oppressed 17 July 1566. † Computer Services Offered by the Society of Archbishop Justus. 9 Dec. 010 lt;http://justus. anglican. org/resources/bio/203. htmlgt; Kramer, Wendy. Encomienda Politics in Early Colonial Guatemala, 1524-1544. Boulder: Westview Press, 1994. Uzgalis, Bill. â€Å"Bartolome de Las Casas (1484-1566). † Great Voyages: the History of Western Philosophy from 1492-1776. Winter 1997. Dept. of Philosophy, Oregon State U. 9 Dec. 2010 lt;http://oregonstate. edu/instruct/phl302/philosophers/las_casas. htmlgt; Welch, John R. Other Voices: Readings in Spanish Philosophy. Notre Dame: Notre Dame Press, 2010. How to cite Perceptions of Bartolome de Las Casas, Papers

Exploring And Extending Legacy Of Howard †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Exploring And Extending Legacy Of Howard? Answer: Introduction In this assignment, it can be stated that the case-based researches are generally tending to the process of addressing the problems of research within the Interpretivists paradigms rather than the Positivist paradigm. A case-based research could be an explanatory, theory-building research that does the incorporation as well as explanation of ideas from outside the scenario of the case-based research. Critical review on case-based research Case-based researches are considered being the most essential as well as significant type of research. Case-based research can be explanatory, theory-building research that does the incorporation as well as explaining of ideas from outside the scenario relating to the cases. Therefore, this kind of case-based researches are considered being extrinsic rather than intrinsic (Sarker, 2013). Moreover, it can be stated that case-based research is particularly used in respect of these practical situations of business in which there occurs the use of multiple sources of evidence, as well as the boundaries within the phenomenon as well as the 4Ps of its context. The exploratory case-based research and the confirmatory case-based research might have the requirement for deciding for one or the other regarding the choice of all or nothing (Kolodner, 2014). However, this is not considered to be true and there is the requirement for a combination of exploratory case-based research and the confirm atory case-based research. A case-based research is required meeting three criteria such as, the case is a critical one to confirm, challenge or extend a theory since, it is the only one that is meeting every condition relating to the theory the case is rare and to find other cases is so improbable that research regarding the scenario could never be done when a case is not investigated the case is providing unusual accessibility in respect of academic research, and unless there does not occur an investigation of the case, the scope for examining a major problem related with social science might get lost The advantages of case-based research are associated with the aspects of intensive study, developing new research as well as providing new insight. In respect of intensive study, it can be stated that the case-based researches are having the responsibility in respect of intensive study regarding a unit. It is associated with the aspect of investigating as well as exploring an event in a thorough as well as deep manner (Klenke, 2016). In respect of developing a new research, it can be stated that case-based researches are considered being one o the optimum ways for stimulating a new research. In respect of providing new insight, it can also be stated that the case-based researches are having the ability for providing new insight into observable facts whose learning cannot occur in any other way. However, there are also certain disadvantages associated with the case-based researches (Keutel, 2014). These are associated with the inability for replicating, biasness of the researchers, ti me intensive, having the possibility of errors as well as ethical concerns. In respect of the inability for replicating, it can be stated that there are certain studies whose replication cannot be done and, as a result, cannot be agreed with. In respect of the biasness of the researchers, it can be stated that when a case-based research gets conducted, there is a strong possibility of the researcher to do the formation of a biased attitude (Henry, 2015). This biased attitude might be in respect of the subject, the type of data collection or the way by which there occurs the interpretation of the data (Savery, 2015). In respect of intensiveness of time, it can be stated that the case-based researches can have high consumption of time. The process of collecting data can be very exhaustive as well as long, and this is something with which the new researchers are not having familiarity. It takes a long time-period for developing a case-based research as well as doing the development of a comprehensive evaluation (Granlund, 2017). In respect of having the possibility of errors, it can be stated that the case-based researches might be having flaws regarding judgment or memory. Since, the reconstruction of a case history is depending upon memory, this might be leading to mistakes (Stake, 2013). In respect of ethical issues, it can be stated that with case-based researches, there always occurs the question related with the ethical aspects. Since, the researchers get too much involved with the study, questions might arise whether a researcher will be reporting behaviours that are considered unethical when they observed it (Baran, 2014). Conclusion To conclude, it can be stated that case-based researches are particularly suitable in respect of those practical business circumstances regarding a contemporary phenomenon within its dynamically changing practical situations, regarding multiple sources of evidence as well as the boundaries between the occurrences as well as the 4Ps of its context are not considered having clarity. References Baran, E. (2014). A review of research on mobile learning in teacher education.Journal of Educational Technology Society,17(4), 17. Granlund, M., Lukka, K. (2017). Investigating highly established research paradigms: Reviving contextuality in contingency theory based management accounting research.Critical Perspectives on Accounting,45, 63-80. Henry, C., Foss, L. (2015). Case sensitive? A review of the literature on the use of case method in entrepreneurship research.International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior Research,21(3), 389-409. Keutel, M., Michalik, B., Richter, J. (2014). Towards mindful case study research in IS: a critical analysis of the past ten years.European Journal of Information Systems,23(3), 256-272. Klenke, K. (Ed.). (2016).Qualitative research in the study of leadership. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Kolodner, J. (2014).Case-based reasoning. Morgan Kaufmann. Sarker, S., Xiao, X., Beaulieu, T. (2013). Qualitative studies in information systems: a critical review and some guiding principles.MIS quarterly,37(4), iii-xviii. Savery, J. R. (2015). Overview of problem-based learning: Definitions and distinctions.Essential readings in problem-based learning: Exploring and extending the legacy of Howard S. Barrows,9, 5-15. Stake, R. E. (2013).Multiple case study analysis. Guilford Press.